diff --git a/stdlib/_codecs.pyi b/stdlib/_codecs.pyi
index 083852131..9d420af89 100644
--- a/stdlib/_codecs.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/_codecs.pyi
@@ -1,72 +1,68 @@
 import codecs
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Text, Tuple, Union
-
-# For convenience:
-_Handler = Callable[[Exception], Tuple[Text, int]]
-_String = Union[bytes, str]
-_Errors = Union[str, Text, None]
-_Decodable = bytes
-_Encodable = str
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 # This type is not exposed; it is defined in unicodeobject.c
-class _EncodingMap(object):
+class _EncodingMap:
     def size(self) -> int: ...
 
 _MapT = Union[Dict[int, int], _EncodingMap]
+_Handler = Callable[[Exception], Tuple[str, int]]
 
 def register(__search_function: Callable[[str], Any]) -> None: ...
-def register_error(__errors: Union[str, Text], __handler: _Handler) -> None: ...
-def lookup(__encoding: Union[str, Text]) -> codecs.CodecInfo: ...
-def lookup_error(__name: Union[str, Text]) -> _Handler: ...
-def decode(obj: Any, encoding: Union[str, Text] = ..., errors: _Errors = ...) -> Any: ...
-def encode(obj: Any, encoding: Union[str, Text] = ..., errors: _Errors = ...) -> Any: ...
-def charmap_build(__map: Text) -> _MapT: ...
-def ascii_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def ascii_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def charmap_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __mapping: Optional[_MapT] = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def charmap_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __mapping: Optional[_MapT] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def escape_decode(__data: _String, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
-def escape_encode(__data: bytes, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def latin_1_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def latin_1_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def raw_unicode_escape_decode(__data: _String, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def raw_unicode_escape_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def readbuffer_encode(__data: _String, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def unicode_escape_decode(__data: _String, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def unicode_escape_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def register_error(__errors: str, __handler: _Handler) -> None: ...
+def lookup(__encoding: str) -> codecs.CodecInfo: ...
+def lookup_error(__name: str) -> _Handler: ...
+def decode(obj: Any, encoding: str = ..., errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Any: ...
+def encode(obj: Any, encoding: str = ..., errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Any: ...
+def charmap_build(__map: str) -> _MapT: ...
+def ascii_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def ascii_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def charmap_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __mapping: Optional[_MapT] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def charmap_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __mapping: Optional[_MapT] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def escape_decode(__data: Union[str, bytes], __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def escape_encode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def latin_1_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def latin_1_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def raw_unicode_escape_decode(__data: Union[str, bytes], __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def raw_unicode_escape_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def readbuffer_encode(__data: Union[str, bytes], __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def unicode_escape_decode(__data: Union[str, bytes], __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def unicode_escape_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    def unicode_internal_decode(__obj: _String, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-    def unicode_internal_encode(__obj: _String, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+    def unicode_internal_decode(__obj: Union[str, bytes], __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+    def unicode_internal_encode(__obj: Union[str, bytes], __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
 
-def utf_16_be_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_16_be_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def utf_16_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_16_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __byteorder: int = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def utf_16_be_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_16_be_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def utf_16_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_16_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __byteorder: int = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
 def utf_16_ex_decode(
-    __data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __byteorder: int = ..., __final: int = ...
-) -> Tuple[Text, int, int]: ...
-def utf_16_le_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_16_le_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def utf_32_be_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_32_be_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def utf_32_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_32_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __byteorder: int = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+    __data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __byteorder: int = ..., __final: int = ...
+) -> Tuple[str, int, int]: ...
+def utf_16_le_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_16_le_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def utf_32_be_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_32_be_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def utf_32_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_32_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __byteorder: int = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
 def utf_32_ex_decode(
-    __data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __byteorder: int = ..., __final: int = ...
-) -> Tuple[Text, int, int]: ...
-def utf_32_le_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_32_le_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def utf_7_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_7_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-def utf_8_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-def utf_8_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+    __data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __byteorder: int = ..., __final: int = ...
+) -> Tuple[str, int, int]: ...
+def utf_32_le_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_32_le_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def utf_7_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_7_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+def utf_8_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+def utf_8_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
 
 if sys.platform == "win32":
-    def mbcs_decode(__data: _Decodable, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-    def mbcs_encode(__str: _Encodable, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-    def code_page_decode(__codepage: int, __data: bytes, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-    def code_page_encode(__code_page: int, __str: Text, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
-    def oem_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: _Errors = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[Text, int]: ...
-    def oem_encode(__str: Text, __errors: _Errors = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+    def mbcs_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+    def mbcs_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+    def code_page_decode(
+        __codepage: int, __data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...
+    ) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+    def code_page_encode(__code_page: int, __str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
+    def oem_decode(__data: bytes, __errors: Optional[str] = ..., __final: int = ...) -> Tuple[str, int]: ...
+    def oem_encode(__str: str, __errors: Optional[str] = ...) -> Tuple[bytes, int]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/argparse.pyi b/stdlib/argparse.pyi
index 1a39e372f..2d5efdf4e 100644
--- a/stdlib/argparse.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/argparse.pyi
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from typing import (
     Pattern,
     Protocol,
     Sequence,
-    Text,
     Tuple,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
@@ -24,8 +23,6 @@ _T = TypeVar("_T")
 _ActionT = TypeVar("_ActionT", bound=Action)
 _N = TypeVar("_N")
 
-_Text = str
-
 ONE_OR_MORE: str
 OPTIONAL: str
 PARSER: str
@@ -46,40 +43,38 @@ class _AttributeHolder:
 
 # undocumented
 class _ActionsContainer:
-    description: Optional[_Text]
-    prefix_chars: _Text
+    description: Optional[str]
+    prefix_chars: str
     argument_default: Any
-    conflict_handler: _Text
+    conflict_handler: str
 
-    _registries: Dict[_Text, Dict[Any, Any]]
+    _registries: Dict[str, Dict[Any, Any]]
     _actions: List[Action]
-    _option_string_actions: Dict[_Text, Action]
+    _option_string_actions: Dict[str, Action]
     _action_groups: List[_ArgumentGroup]
     _mutually_exclusive_groups: List[_MutuallyExclusiveGroup]
     _defaults: Dict[str, Any]
     _negative_number_matcher: Pattern[str]
     _has_negative_number_optionals: List[bool]
-    def __init__(
-        self, description: Optional[Text], prefix_chars: Text, argument_default: Any, conflict_handler: Text
-    ) -> None: ...
-    def register(self, registry_name: Text, value: Any, object: Any) -> None: ...
-    def _registry_get(self, registry_name: Text, value: Any, default: Any = ...) -> Any: ...
+    def __init__(self, description: Optional[str], prefix_chars: str, argument_default: Any, conflict_handler: str) -> None: ...
+    def register(self, registry_name: str, value: Any, object: Any) -> None: ...
+    def _registry_get(self, registry_name: str, value: Any, default: Any = ...) -> Any: ...
     def set_defaults(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
-    def get_default(self, dest: Text) -> Any: ...
+    def get_default(self, dest: str) -> Any: ...
     def add_argument(
         self,
-        *name_or_flags: Text,
-        action: Union[Text, Type[Action]] = ...,
-        nargs: Union[int, Text] = ...,
+        *name_or_flags: str,
+        action: Union[str, Type[Action]] = ...,
+        nargs: Union[int, str] = ...,
         const: Any = ...,
         default: Any = ...,
-        type: Union[Callable[[Text], _T], Callable[[str], _T], FileType] = ...,
+        type: Union[Callable[[str], _T], Callable[[str], _T], FileType] = ...,
         choices: Iterable[_T] = ...,
         required: bool = ...,
-        help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
-        dest: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        version: Text = ...,
+        help: Optional[str] = ...,
+        metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
+        dest: Optional[str] = ...,
+        version: str = ...,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Action: ...
     def add_argument_group(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _ArgumentGroup: ...
@@ -87,23 +82,23 @@ class _ActionsContainer:
     def _add_action(self, action: _ActionT) -> _ActionT: ...
     def _remove_action(self, action: Action) -> None: ...
     def _add_container_actions(self, container: _ActionsContainer) -> None: ...
-    def _get_positional_kwargs(self, dest: Text, **kwargs: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
+    def _get_positional_kwargs(self, dest: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
     def _get_optional_kwargs(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
     def _pop_action_class(self, kwargs: Any, default: Optional[Type[Action]] = ...) -> Type[Action]: ...
-    def _get_handler(self) -> Callable[[Action, Iterable[Tuple[Text, Action]]], Any]: ...
+    def _get_handler(self) -> Callable[[Action, Iterable[Tuple[str, Action]]], Any]: ...
     def _check_conflict(self, action: Action) -> None: ...
-    def _handle_conflict_error(self, action: Action, conflicting_actions: Iterable[Tuple[Text, Action]]) -> NoReturn: ...
-    def _handle_conflict_resolve(self, action: Action, conflicting_actions: Iterable[Tuple[Text, Action]]) -> None: ...
+    def _handle_conflict_error(self, action: Action, conflicting_actions: Iterable[Tuple[str, Action]]) -> NoReturn: ...
+    def _handle_conflict_resolve(self, action: Action, conflicting_actions: Iterable[Tuple[str, Action]]) -> None: ...
 
 class _FormatterClass(Protocol):
     def __call__(self, prog: str) -> HelpFormatter: ...
 
 class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
-    prog: _Text
-    usage: Optional[_Text]
-    epilog: Optional[_Text]
+    prog: str
+    usage: Optional[str]
+    epilog: Optional[str]
     formatter_class: _FormatterClass
-    fromfile_prefix_chars: Optional[_Text]
+    fromfile_prefix_chars: Optional[str]
     add_help: bool
     allow_abbrev: bool
 
@@ -148,11 +143,11 @@ class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
     # The type-ignores in these overloads should be temporary.  See:
     # https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/2643#issuecomment-442280277
     @overload
-    def parse_args(self, args: Optional[Sequence[Text]] = ...) -> Namespace: ...
+    def parse_args(self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ...) -> Namespace: ...
     @overload
-    def parse_args(self, args: Optional[Sequence[Text]], namespace: None) -> Namespace: ...  # type: ignore
+    def parse_args(self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]], namespace: None) -> Namespace: ...  # type: ignore
     @overload
-    def parse_args(self, args: Optional[Sequence[Text]], namespace: _N) -> _N: ...
+    def parse_args(self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]], namespace: _N) -> _N: ...
     @overload
     def parse_args(self, *, namespace: None) -> Namespace: ...  # type: ignore
     @overload
@@ -176,26 +171,26 @@ class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
         def add_subparsers(
             self,
             *,
-            title: Text = ...,
-            description: Optional[Text] = ...,
-            prog: Text = ...,
+            title: str = ...,
+            description: Optional[str] = ...,
+            prog: str = ...,
             parser_class: Type[ArgumentParser] = ...,
             action: Type[Action] = ...,
-            option_string: Text = ...,
-            dest: Optional[Text] = ...,
-            help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-            metavar: Optional[Text] = ...,
+            option_string: str = ...,
+            dest: Optional[str] = ...,
+            help: Optional[str] = ...,
+            metavar: Optional[str] = ...,
         ) -> _SubParsersAction: ...
     def print_usage(self, file: Optional[IO[str]] = ...) -> None: ...
     def print_help(self, file: Optional[IO[str]] = ...) -> None: ...
     def format_usage(self) -> str: ...
     def format_help(self) -> str: ...
     def parse_known_args(
-        self, args: Optional[Sequence[Text]] = ..., namespace: Optional[Namespace] = ...
+        self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ..., namespace: Optional[Namespace] = ...
     ) -> Tuple[Namespace, List[str]]: ...
-    def convert_arg_line_to_args(self, arg_line: Text) -> List[str]: ...
-    def exit(self, status: int = ..., message: Optional[Text] = ...) -> NoReturn: ...
-    def error(self, message: Text) -> NoReturn: ...
+    def convert_arg_line_to_args(self, arg_line: str) -> List[str]: ...
+    def exit(self, status: int = ..., message: Optional[str] = ...) -> NoReturn: ...
+    def error(self, message: str) -> NoReturn: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
         def parse_intermixed_args(
             self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ..., namespace: Optional[Namespace] = ...
@@ -206,22 +201,22 @@ class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
     # undocumented
     def _get_optional_actions(self) -> List[Action]: ...
     def _get_positional_actions(self) -> List[Action]: ...
-    def _parse_known_args(self, arg_strings: List[Text], namespace: Namespace) -> Tuple[Namespace, List[str]]: ...
-    def _read_args_from_files(self, arg_strings: List[Text]) -> List[Text]: ...
-    def _match_argument(self, action: Action, arg_strings_pattern: Text) -> int: ...
-    def _match_arguments_partial(self, actions: Sequence[Action], arg_strings_pattern: Text) -> List[int]: ...
-    def _parse_optional(self, arg_string: Text) -> Optional[Tuple[Optional[Action], Text, Optional[Text]]]: ...
-    def _get_option_tuples(self, option_string: Text) -> List[Tuple[Action, Text, Optional[Text]]]: ...
-    def _get_nargs_pattern(self, action: Action) -> _Text: ...
-    def _get_values(self, action: Action, arg_strings: List[Text]) -> Any: ...
-    def _get_value(self, action: Action, arg_string: Text) -> Any: ...
+    def _parse_known_args(self, arg_strings: List[str], namespace: Namespace) -> Tuple[Namespace, List[str]]: ...
+    def _read_args_from_files(self, arg_strings: List[str]) -> List[str]: ...
+    def _match_argument(self, action: Action, arg_strings_pattern: str) -> int: ...
+    def _match_arguments_partial(self, actions: Sequence[Action], arg_strings_pattern: str) -> List[int]: ...
+    def _parse_optional(self, arg_string: str) -> Optional[Tuple[Optional[Action], str, Optional[str]]]: ...
+    def _get_option_tuples(self, option_string: str) -> List[Tuple[Action, str, Optional[str]]]: ...
+    def _get_nargs_pattern(self, action: Action) -> str: ...
+    def _get_values(self, action: Action, arg_strings: List[str]) -> Any: ...
+    def _get_value(self, action: Action, arg_string: str) -> Any: ...
     def _check_value(self, action: Action, value: Any) -> None: ...
     def _get_formatter(self) -> HelpFormatter: ...
     def _print_message(self, message: str, file: Optional[IO[str]] = ...) -> None: ...
 
 class HelpFormatter:
     # undocumented
-    _prog: _Text
+    _prog: str
     _indent_increment: int
     _max_help_position: int
     _width: int
@@ -234,37 +229,37 @@ class HelpFormatter:
     _long_break_matcher: Pattern[str]
     _Section: Type[Any]  # Nested class
     def __init__(
-        self, prog: Text, indent_increment: int = ..., max_help_position: int = ..., width: Optional[int] = ...
+        self, prog: str, indent_increment: int = ..., max_help_position: int = ..., width: Optional[int] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
     def _indent(self) -> None: ...
     def _dedent(self) -> None: ...
-    def _add_item(self, func: Callable[..., _Text], args: Iterable[Any]) -> None: ...
-    def start_section(self, heading: Optional[Text]) -> None: ...
+    def _add_item(self, func: Callable[..., str], args: Iterable[Any]) -> None: ...
+    def start_section(self, heading: Optional[str]) -> None: ...
     def end_section(self) -> None: ...
-    def add_text(self, text: Optional[Text]) -> None: ...
+    def add_text(self, text: Optional[str]) -> None: ...
     def add_usage(
-        self, usage: Optional[Text], actions: Iterable[Action], groups: Iterable[_ArgumentGroup], prefix: Optional[Text] = ...
+        self, usage: Optional[str], actions: Iterable[Action], groups: Iterable[_ArgumentGroup], prefix: Optional[str] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
     def add_argument(self, action: Action) -> None: ...
     def add_arguments(self, actions: Iterable[Action]) -> None: ...
-    def format_help(self) -> _Text: ...
-    def _join_parts(self, part_strings: Iterable[Text]) -> _Text: ...
+    def format_help(self) -> str: ...
+    def _join_parts(self, part_strings: Iterable[str]) -> str: ...
     def _format_usage(
-        self, usage: Text, actions: Iterable[Action], groups: Iterable[_ArgumentGroup], prefix: Optional[Text]
-    ) -> _Text: ...
-    def _format_actions_usage(self, actions: Iterable[Action], groups: Iterable[_ArgumentGroup]) -> _Text: ...
-    def _format_text(self, text: Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def _format_action(self, action: Action) -> _Text: ...
-    def _format_action_invocation(self, action: Action) -> _Text: ...
-    def _metavar_formatter(self, action: Action, default_metavar: Text) -> Callable[[int], Tuple[_Text, ...]]: ...
-    def _format_args(self, action: Action, default_metavar: Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def _expand_help(self, action: Action) -> _Text: ...
+        self, usage: str, actions: Iterable[Action], groups: Iterable[_ArgumentGroup], prefix: Optional[str]
+    ) -> str: ...
+    def _format_actions_usage(self, actions: Iterable[Action], groups: Iterable[_ArgumentGroup]) -> str: ...
+    def _format_text(self, text: str) -> str: ...
+    def _format_action(self, action: Action) -> str: ...
+    def _format_action_invocation(self, action: Action) -> str: ...
+    def _metavar_formatter(self, action: Action, default_metavar: str) -> Callable[[int], Tuple[str, ...]]: ...
+    def _format_args(self, action: Action, default_metavar: str) -> str: ...
+    def _expand_help(self, action: Action) -> str: ...
     def _iter_indented_subactions(self, action: Action) -> Generator[Action, None, None]: ...
-    def _split_lines(self, text: Text, width: int) -> List[_Text]: ...
-    def _fill_text(self, text: Text, width: int, indent: Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def _get_help_string(self, action: Action) -> Optional[_Text]: ...
-    def _get_default_metavar_for_optional(self, action: Action) -> _Text: ...
-    def _get_default_metavar_for_positional(self, action: Action) -> _Text: ...
+    def _split_lines(self, text: str, width: int) -> List[str]: ...
+    def _fill_text(self, text: str, width: int, indent: str) -> str: ...
+    def _get_help_string(self, action: Action) -> Optional[str]: ...
+    def _get_default_metavar_for_optional(self, action: Action) -> str: ...
+    def _get_default_metavar_for_positional(self, action: Action) -> str: ...
 
 class RawDescriptionHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter): ...
 class RawTextHelpFormatter(RawDescriptionHelpFormatter): ...
@@ -272,35 +267,35 @@ class ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter): ...
 class MetavarTypeHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter): ...
 
 class Action(_AttributeHolder):
-    option_strings: Sequence[_Text]
-    dest: _Text
-    nargs: Optional[Union[int, _Text]]
+    option_strings: Sequence[str]
+    dest: str
+    nargs: Optional[Union[int, str]]
     const: Any
     default: Any
     type: Union[Callable[[str], Any], FileType, None]
     choices: Optional[Iterable[Any]]
     required: bool
-    help: Optional[_Text]
-    metavar: Optional[Union[_Text, Tuple[_Text, ...]]]
+    help: Optional[str]
+    metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]]
     def __init__(
         self,
-        option_strings: Sequence[Text],
-        dest: Text,
-        nargs: Optional[Union[int, Text]] = ...,
+        option_strings: Sequence[str],
+        dest: str,
+        nargs: Optional[Union[int, str]] = ...,
         const: Optional[_T] = ...,
         default: Union[_T, str, None] = ...,
-        type: Optional[Union[Callable[[Text], _T], Callable[[str], _T], FileType]] = ...,
+        type: Optional[Union[Callable[[str], _T], Callable[[str], _T], FileType]] = ...,
         choices: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = ...,
         required: bool = ...,
-        help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
+        help: Optional[str] = ...,
+        metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
     def __call__(
         self,
         parser: ArgumentParser,
         namespace: Namespace,
-        values: Union[Text, Sequence[Any], None],
-        option_string: Optional[Text] = ...,
+        values: Union[str, Sequence[Any], None],
+        option_string: Optional[str] = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
         def format_usage(self) -> str: ...
@@ -312,36 +307,36 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
             option_strings: Sequence[str],
             dest: str,
             default: Union[_T, str, None] = ...,
-            type: Optional[Union[Callable[[Text], _T], Callable[[str], _T], FileType]] = ...,
+            type: Optional[Union[Callable[[str], _T], Callable[[str], _T], FileType]] = ...,
             choices: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = ...,
             required: bool = ...,
-            help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-            metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
+            help: Optional[str] = ...,
+            metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
         ) -> None: ...
 
 class Namespace(_AttributeHolder):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
-    def __getattr__(self, name: Text) -> Any: ...
-    def __setattr__(self, name: Text, value: Any) -> None: ...
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any: ...
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
     def __contains__(self, key: str) -> bool: ...
 
 class FileType:
     # undocumented
-    _mode: _Text
+    _mode: str
     _bufsize: int
     _encoding: Optional[str]
     _errors: Optional[str]
     def __init__(
         self, mode: str = ..., bufsize: int = ..., encoding: Optional[str] = ..., errors: Optional[str] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
-    def __call__(self, string: Text) -> IO[Any]: ...
+    def __call__(self, string: str) -> IO[Any]: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _ArgumentGroup(_ActionsContainer):
-    title: Optional[_Text]
+    title: Optional[str]
     _group_actions: List[Action]
     def __init__(
-        self, container: _ActionsContainer, title: Optional[Text] = ..., description: Optional[Text] = ..., **kwargs: Any
+        self, container: _ActionsContainer, title: Optional[str] = ..., description: Optional[str] = ..., **kwargs: Any
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
@@ -357,25 +352,25 @@ class _StoreAction(Action): ...
 class _StoreConstAction(Action):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        option_strings: Sequence[Text],
-        dest: Text,
+        option_strings: Sequence[str],
+        dest: str,
         const: Any,
         default: Any = ...,
         required: bool = ...,
-        help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
+        help: Optional[str] = ...,
+        metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _StoreTrueAction(_StoreConstAction):
     def __init__(
-        self, option_strings: Sequence[Text], dest: Text, default: bool = ..., required: bool = ..., help: Optional[Text] = ...
+        self, option_strings: Sequence[str], dest: str, default: bool = ..., required: bool = ..., help: Optional[str] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _StoreFalseAction(_StoreConstAction):
     def __init__(
-        self, option_strings: Sequence[Text], dest: Text, default: bool = ..., required: bool = ..., help: Optional[Text] = ...
+        self, option_strings: Sequence[str], dest: str, default: bool = ..., required: bool = ..., help: Optional[str] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
@@ -385,70 +380,63 @@ class _AppendAction(Action): ...
 class _AppendConstAction(Action):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        option_strings: Sequence[Text],
-        dest: Text,
+        option_strings: Sequence[str],
+        dest: str,
         const: Any,
         default: Any = ...,
         required: bool = ...,
-        help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
+        help: Optional[str] = ...,
+        metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _CountAction(Action):
     def __init__(
-        self, option_strings: Sequence[Text], dest: Text, default: Any = ..., required: bool = ..., help: Optional[Text] = ...
+        self, option_strings: Sequence[str], dest: str, default: Any = ..., required: bool = ..., help: Optional[str] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _HelpAction(Action):
-    def __init__(
-        self, option_strings: Sequence[Text], dest: Text = ..., default: Text = ..., help: Optional[Text] = ...
-    ) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, option_strings: Sequence[str], dest: str = ..., default: str = ..., help: Optional[str] = ...) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _VersionAction(Action):
-    version: Optional[_Text]
+    version: Optional[str]
     def __init__(
-        self,
-        option_strings: Sequence[Text],
-        version: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        dest: Text = ...,
-        default: Text = ...,
-        help: Text = ...,
+        self, option_strings: Sequence[str], version: Optional[str] = ..., dest: str = ..., default: str = ..., help: str = ...
     ) -> None: ...
 
 # undocumented
 class _SubParsersAction(Action):
     _ChoicesPseudoAction: Type[Any]  # nested class
-    _prog_prefix: _Text
+    _prog_prefix: str
     _parser_class: Type[ArgumentParser]
-    _name_parser_map: Dict[_Text, ArgumentParser]
-    choices: Dict[_Text, ArgumentParser]
+    _name_parser_map: Dict[str, ArgumentParser]
+    choices: Dict[str, ArgumentParser]
     _choices_actions: List[Action]
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
         def __init__(
             self,
-            option_strings: Sequence[Text],
-            prog: Text,
+            option_strings: Sequence[str],
+            prog: str,
             parser_class: Type[ArgumentParser],
-            dest: Text = ...,
+            dest: str = ...,
             required: bool = ...,
-            help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-            metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
+            help: Optional[str] = ...,
+            metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
         ) -> None: ...
     else:
         def __init__(
             self,
-            option_strings: Sequence[Text],
-            prog: Text,
+            option_strings: Sequence[str],
+            prog: str,
             parser_class: Type[ArgumentParser],
-            dest: Text = ...,
-            help: Optional[Text] = ...,
-            metavar: Optional[Union[Text, Tuple[Text, ...]]] = ...,
+            dest: str = ...,
+            help: Optional[str] = ...,
+            metavar: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]] = ...,
         ) -> None: ...
     # TODO: Type keyword args properly.
-    def add_parser(self, name: Text, **kwargs: Any) -> ArgumentParser: ...
+    def add_parser(self, name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> ArgumentParser: ...
     def _get_subactions(self) -> List[Action]: ...
 
 # undocumented
@@ -456,7 +444,7 @@ class ArgumentTypeError(Exception): ...
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
     # undocumented
-    def _ensure_value(namespace: Namespace, name: Text, value: Any) -> Any: ...
+    def _ensure_value(namespace: Namespace, name: str, value: Any) -> Any: ...
 
 # undocumented
 def _get_action_name(argument: Optional[Action]) -> Optional[str]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/asyncio/streams.pyi b/stdlib/asyncio/streams.pyi
index a63672010..f0879b8da 100644
--- a/stdlib/asyncio/streams.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/asyncio/streams.pyi
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import sys
+from _typeshed import StrPath
 from typing import Any, AsyncIterator, Awaitable, Callable, Iterable, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 from . import events, protocols, transports
@@ -36,9 +37,7 @@ async def start_server(
 
 if sys.platform != "win32":
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
-        from os import PathLike
-
-        _PathType = Union[str, PathLike[str]]
+        _PathType = StrPath
     else:
         _PathType = str
     async def open_unix_connection(
diff --git a/stdlib/base64.pyi b/stdlib/base64.pyi
index 23ea4b358..47118516c 100644
--- a/stdlib/base64.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/base64.pyi
@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
 import sys
 from typing import IO, Optional, Union
 
-_encodable = bytes
-_decodable = Union[bytes, str]
-
-def b64encode(s: _encodable, altchars: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def b64decode(s: _decodable, altchars: Optional[bytes] = ..., validate: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def standard_b64encode(s: _encodable) -> bytes: ...
-def standard_b64decode(s: _decodable) -> bytes: ...
-def urlsafe_b64encode(s: _encodable) -> bytes: ...
-def urlsafe_b64decode(s: _decodable) -> bytes: ...
-def b32encode(s: _encodable) -> bytes: ...
-def b32decode(s: _decodable, casefold: bool = ..., map01: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def b16encode(s: _encodable) -> bytes: ...
-def b16decode(s: _decodable, casefold: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def b64encode(s: bytes, altchars: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def b64decode(s: Union[str, bytes], altchars: Optional[bytes] = ..., validate: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def standard_b64encode(s: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def standard_b64decode(s: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
+def urlsafe_b64encode(s: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def urlsafe_b64decode(s: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
+def b32encode(s: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def b32decode(s: Union[str, bytes], casefold: bool = ..., map01: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def b16encode(s: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def b16decode(s: Union[str, bytes], casefold: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    def b32hexencode(s: _encodable) -> bytes: ...
-    def b32hexdecode(s: _decodable, casefold: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def b32hexencode(s: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+    def b32hexdecode(s: Union[str, bytes], casefold: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
 
-def a85encode(b: _encodable, *, foldspaces: bool = ..., wrapcol: int = ..., pad: bool = ..., adobe: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def a85decode(b: _decodable, *, foldspaces: bool = ..., adobe: bool = ..., ignorechars: Union[str, bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def b85encode(b: _encodable, pad: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def b85decode(b: _decodable) -> bytes: ...
+def a85encode(b: bytes, *, foldspaces: bool = ..., wrapcol: int = ..., pad: bool = ..., adobe: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def a85decode(
+    b: Union[str, bytes], *, foldspaces: bool = ..., adobe: bool = ..., ignorechars: Union[str, bytes] = ...
+) -> bytes: ...
+def b85encode(b: bytes, pad: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def b85decode(b: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
 def decode(input: IO[bytes], output: IO[bytes]) -> None: ...
 def encode(input: IO[bytes], output: IO[bytes]) -> None: ...
 def encodebytes(s: bytes) -> bytes: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/binascii.pyi b/stdlib/binascii.pyi
index 70b330ad9..b74df13c3 100644
--- a/stdlib/binascii.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/binascii.pyi
@@ -1,39 +1,34 @@
 import sys
 from typing import Union
 
-# Since Python 3.3 ASCII-only unicode strings are accepted by the
-# a2b_* functions.
-_Bytes = bytes
-_Ascii = Union[bytes, str]
-
-def a2b_uu(__data: _Ascii) -> bytes: ...
+def a2b_uu(__data: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
-    def b2a_uu(__data: _Bytes, *, backtick: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def b2a_uu(__data: bytes, *, backtick: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
 
 else:
-    def b2a_uu(__data: _Bytes) -> bytes: ...
+    def b2a_uu(__data: bytes) -> bytes: ...
 
-def a2b_base64(__data: _Ascii) -> bytes: ...
-def b2a_base64(__data: _Bytes, *, newline: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def a2b_qp(data: _Ascii, header: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def b2a_qp(data: _Bytes, quotetabs: bool = ..., istext: bool = ..., header: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
-def a2b_hqx(__data: _Ascii) -> bytes: ...
-def rledecode_hqx(__data: _Bytes) -> bytes: ...
-def rlecode_hqx(__data: _Bytes) -> bytes: ...
-def b2a_hqx(__data: _Bytes) -> bytes: ...
-def crc_hqx(__data: _Bytes, __crc: int) -> int: ...
-def crc32(__data: _Bytes, __crc: int = ...) -> int: ...
-def b2a_hex(__data: _Bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def a2b_base64(__data: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
+def b2a_base64(__data: bytes, *, newline: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def a2b_qp(data: Union[str, bytes], header: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def b2a_qp(data: bytes, quotetabs: bool = ..., istext: bool = ..., header: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def a2b_hqx(__data: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
+def rledecode_hqx(__data: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def rlecode_hqx(__data: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def b2a_hqx(__data: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+def crc_hqx(__data: bytes, __crc: int) -> int: ...
+def crc32(__data: bytes, __crc: int = ...) -> int: ...
+def b2a_hex(__data: bytes) -> bytes: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     def hexlify(data: bytes, sep: Union[str, bytes] = ..., bytes_per_sep: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
 
 else:
-    def hexlify(__data: _Bytes) -> bytes: ...
+    def hexlify(__data: bytes) -> bytes: ...
 
-def a2b_hex(__hexstr: _Ascii) -> bytes: ...
-def unhexlify(__hexstr: _Ascii) -> bytes: ...
+def a2b_hex(__hexstr: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
+def unhexlify(__hexstr: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes: ...
 
 class Error(ValueError): ...
 class Incomplete(Exception): ...
diff --git a/stdlib/datetime.pyi b/stdlib/datetime.pyi
index 1ba62e144..c46d01265 100644
--- a/stdlib/datetime.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/datetime.pyi
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from typing import ClassVar, NamedTuple, Optional, SupportsAbs, Tuple, Type, Typ
 
 _S = TypeVar("_S")
 
-_Text = str
 MINYEAR: int
 MAXYEAR: int
 
@@ -14,6 +13,9 @@ class tzinfo:
     def dst(self, dt: Optional[datetime]) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
     def fromutc(self, dt: datetime) -> datetime: ...
 
+# Alias required to avoid name conflicts with date(time).tzinfo.
+_tzinfo = tzinfo
+
 class timezone(tzinfo):
     utc: ClassVar[timezone]
     min: ClassVar[timezone]
@@ -27,8 +29,6 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
         week: int
         weekday: int
 
-_tzinfo = tzinfo
-
 class date:
     min: ClassVar[date]
     max: ClassVar[date]
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class date:
     @property
     def day(self) -> int: ...
     def ctime(self) -> str: ...
-    def strftime(self, fmt: _Text) -> str: ...
+    def strftime(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
     def __format__(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
     def isoformat(self) -> str: ...
     def timetuple(self) -> struct_time: ...
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class time:
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
         @classmethod
         def fromisoformat(cls: Type[_S], time_string: str) -> _S: ...
-    def strftime(self, fmt: _Text) -> str: ...
+    def strftime(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
     def __format__(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
     def utcoffset(self) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
     def tzname(self) -> Optional[str]: ...
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class datetime(date):
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
         @classmethod
         def fromisoformat(cls: Type[_S], date_string: str) -> _S: ...
-    def strftime(self, fmt: _Text) -> str: ...
+    def strftime(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
     def __format__(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
     def toordinal(self) -> int: ...
     def timetuple(self) -> struct_time: ...
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ class datetime(date):
     def ctime(self) -> str: ...
     def isoformat(self, sep: str = ..., timespec: str = ...) -> str: ...
     @classmethod
-    def strptime(cls, date_string: _Text, format: _Text) -> datetime: ...
+    def strptime(cls, date_string: str, format: str) -> datetime: ...
     def utcoffset(self) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
     def tzname(self) -> Optional[str]: ...
     def dst(self) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/difflib.pyi b/stdlib/difflib.pyi
index c940b3a5a..9dd98d331 100644
--- a/stdlib/difflib.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/difflib.pyi
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from typing import (
     NamedTuple,
     Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Text,
     Tuple,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
@@ -21,8 +20,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     from types import GenericAlias
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
-_StrType = Text
-_JunkCallback = Union[Callable[[Text], bool], Callable[[str], bool]]
+_JunkCallback = Union[Callable[[str], bool], Callable[[str], bool]]
 
 class Match(NamedTuple):
     a: int
@@ -63,33 +61,33 @@ def get_close_matches(
 
 class Differ:
     def __init__(self, linejunk: Optional[_JunkCallback] = ..., charjunk: Optional[_JunkCallback] = ...) -> None: ...
-    def compare(self, a: Sequence[_StrType], b: Sequence[_StrType]) -> Iterator[_StrType]: ...
+    def compare(self, a: Sequence[str], b: Sequence[str]) -> Iterator[str]: ...
 
-def IS_LINE_JUNK(line: _StrType, pat: Any = ...) -> bool: ...  # pat is undocumented
-def IS_CHARACTER_JUNK(ch: _StrType, ws: _StrType = ...) -> bool: ...  # ws is undocumented
+def IS_LINE_JUNK(line: str, pat: Any = ...) -> bool: ...  # pat is undocumented
+def IS_CHARACTER_JUNK(ch: str, ws: str = ...) -> bool: ...  # ws is undocumented
 def unified_diff(
-    a: Sequence[_StrType],
-    b: Sequence[_StrType],
-    fromfile: _StrType = ...,
-    tofile: _StrType = ...,
-    fromfiledate: _StrType = ...,
-    tofiledate: _StrType = ...,
+    a: Sequence[str],
+    b: Sequence[str],
+    fromfile: str = ...,
+    tofile: str = ...,
+    fromfiledate: str = ...,
+    tofiledate: str = ...,
     n: int = ...,
-    lineterm: _StrType = ...,
-) -> Iterator[_StrType]: ...
+    lineterm: str = ...,
+) -> Iterator[str]: ...
 def context_diff(
-    a: Sequence[_StrType],
-    b: Sequence[_StrType],
-    fromfile: _StrType = ...,
-    tofile: _StrType = ...,
-    fromfiledate: _StrType = ...,
-    tofiledate: _StrType = ...,
+    a: Sequence[str],
+    b: Sequence[str],
+    fromfile: str = ...,
+    tofile: str = ...,
+    fromfiledate: str = ...,
+    tofiledate: str = ...,
     n: int = ...,
-    lineterm: _StrType = ...,
-) -> Iterator[_StrType]: ...
+    lineterm: str = ...,
+) -> Iterator[str]: ...
 def ndiff(
-    a: Sequence[_StrType], b: Sequence[_StrType], linejunk: Optional[_JunkCallback] = ..., charjunk: Optional[_JunkCallback] = ...
-) -> Iterator[_StrType]: ...
+    a: Sequence[str], b: Sequence[str], linejunk: Optional[_JunkCallback] = ..., charjunk: Optional[_JunkCallback] = ...
+) -> Iterator[str]: ...
 
 class HtmlDiff(object):
     def __init__(
@@ -101,26 +99,26 @@ class HtmlDiff(object):
     ) -> None: ...
     def make_file(
         self,
-        fromlines: Sequence[_StrType],
-        tolines: Sequence[_StrType],
-        fromdesc: _StrType = ...,
-        todesc: _StrType = ...,
+        fromlines: Sequence[str],
+        tolines: Sequence[str],
+        fromdesc: str = ...,
+        todesc: str = ...,
         context: bool = ...,
         numlines: int = ...,
         *,
         charset: str = ...,
-    ) -> _StrType: ...
+    ) -> str: ...
     def make_table(
         self,
-        fromlines: Sequence[_StrType],
-        tolines: Sequence[_StrType],
-        fromdesc: _StrType = ...,
-        todesc: _StrType = ...,
+        fromlines: Sequence[str],
+        tolines: Sequence[str],
+        fromdesc: str = ...,
+        todesc: str = ...,
         context: bool = ...,
         numlines: int = ...,
-    ) -> _StrType: ...
+    ) -> str: ...
 
-def restore(delta: Iterable[_StrType], which: int) -> Iterator[_StrType]: ...
+def restore(delta: Iterable[str], which: int) -> Iterator[str]: ...
 def diff_bytes(
     dfunc: Callable[[Sequence[str], Sequence[str], str, str, str, str, int, str], Iterator[str]],
     a: Sequence[bytes],
diff --git a/stdlib/filecmp.pyi b/stdlib/filecmp.pyi
index c397ff20b..4dd763e82 100644
--- a/stdlib/filecmp.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/filecmp.pyi
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 import sys
+from _typeshed import AnyPath
 from os import PathLike
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Dict, Generic, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Text, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Dict, Generic, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     from types import GenericAlias
 
 DEFAULT_IGNORES: List[str]
 
-def cmp(
-    f1: Union[bytes, Text, PathLike[AnyStr]], f2: Union[bytes, Text, PathLike[AnyStr]], shallow: Union[int, bool] = ...
-) -> bool: ...
+def cmp(f1: AnyPath, f2: AnyPath, shallow: Union[int, bool] = ...) -> bool: ...
 def cmpfiles(
     a: Union[AnyStr, PathLike[AnyStr]],
     b: Union[AnyStr, PathLike[AnyStr]],
diff --git a/stdlib/http/cookiejar.pyi b/stdlib/http/cookiejar.pyi
index 9398bae00..094cebe49 100644
--- a/stdlib/http/cookiejar.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/http/cookiejar.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import sys
+from _typeshed import StrPath
 from http.client import HTTPResponse
-from os import PathLike
 from typing import Dict, Iterable, Iterator, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload
 from urllib.request import Request
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class FileCookieJar(CookieJar):
     delayload: bool
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         def __init__(
-            self, filename: Optional[Union[str, PathLike[str]]] = ..., delayload: bool = ..., policy: Optional[CookiePolicy] = ...
+            self, filename: Optional[StrPath] = ..., delayload: bool = ..., policy: Optional[CookiePolicy] = ...
         ) -> None: ...
     else:
         def __init__(
diff --git a/stdlib/http/server.pyi b/stdlib/http/server.pyi
index f9a13d013..5d06bd5c7 100644
--- a/stdlib/http/server.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/http/server.pyi
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import email.message
 import socketserver
 import sys
-from os import PathLike
+from _typeshed import StrPath
 from typing import Any, ClassVar, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
 class HTTPServer(socketserver.TCPServer):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class SimpleHTTPRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
             request: bytes,
             client_address: Tuple[str, int],
             server: socketserver.BaseServer,
-            directory: Optional[Union[str, PathLike[str]]] = ...,
+            directory: Optional[StrPath] = ...,
         ) -> None: ...
     else:
         def __init__(self, request: bytes, client_address: Tuple[str, int], server: socketserver.BaseServer) -> None: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/imghdr.pyi b/stdlib/imghdr.pyi
index 0604c52ce..2b28b718a 100644
--- a/stdlib/imghdr.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/imghdr.pyi
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-import os
-from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Callable, List, Optional, Protocol, Text, Union, overload
+from _typeshed import StrPath
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Callable, List, Optional, Protocol, Union, overload
 
 class _ReadableBinary(Protocol):
     def tell(self) -> int: ...
     def read(self, size: int) -> bytes: ...
     def seek(self, offset: int) -> Any: ...
 
-_File = Union[Text, os.PathLike[Text], _ReadableBinary]
-
 @overload
-def what(file: _File, h: None = ...) -> Optional[str]: ...
+def what(file: Union[StrPath, _ReadableBinary], h: None = ...) -> Optional[str]: ...
 @overload
 def what(file: Any, h: bytes) -> Optional[str]: ...
 
diff --git a/stdlib/locale.pyi b/stdlib/locale.pyi
index 22bee4019..5d1dd3fea 100644
--- a/stdlib/locale.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/locale.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 import sys
-
-# workaround for mypy#2010
 from builtins import str as _str
 from decimal import Decimal
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
diff --git a/stdlib/optparse.pyi b/stdlib/optparse.pyi
index 71b1fc2f6..ff8ce8ea9 100644
--- a/stdlib/optparse.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/optparse.pyi
@@ -1,124 +1,123 @@
 from typing import IO, Any, AnyStr, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, overload
 
-_Text = str
-NO_DEFAULT: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-SUPPRESS_HELP: _Text
-SUPPRESS_USAGE: _Text
+NO_DEFAULT: Tuple[str, ...]
+SUPPRESS_HELP: str
+SUPPRESS_USAGE: str
 
-def check_builtin(option: Option, opt: Any, value: _Text) -> Any: ...
-def check_choice(option: Option, opt: Any, value: _Text) -> Any: ...
+def check_builtin(option: Option, opt: Any, value: str) -> Any: ...
+def check_choice(option: Option, opt: Any, value: str) -> Any: ...
 
 class OptParseError(Exception):
-    msg: _Text
-    def __init__(self, msg: _Text) -> None: ...
+    msg: str
+    def __init__(self, msg: str) -> None: ...
 
 class BadOptionError(OptParseError):
-    opt_str: _Text
-    def __init__(self, opt_str: _Text) -> None: ...
+    opt_str: str
+    def __init__(self, opt_str: str) -> None: ...
 
 class AmbiguousOptionError(BadOptionError):
-    possibilities: Iterable[_Text]
-    def __init__(self, opt_str: _Text, possibilities: Sequence[_Text]) -> None: ...
+    possibilities: Iterable[str]
+    def __init__(self, opt_str: str, possibilities: Sequence[str]) -> None: ...
 
 class OptionError(OptParseError):
-    msg: _Text
-    option_id: _Text
-    def __init__(self, msg: _Text, option: Option) -> None: ...
+    msg: str
+    option_id: str
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, option: Option) -> None: ...
 
 class OptionConflictError(OptionError): ...
 class OptionValueError(OptParseError): ...
 
 class HelpFormatter:
-    NO_DEFAULT_VALUE: _Text
-    _long_opt_fmt: _Text
-    _short_opt_fmt: _Text
+    NO_DEFAULT_VALUE: str
+    _long_opt_fmt: str
+    _short_opt_fmt: str
     current_indent: int
-    default_tag: _Text
+    default_tag: str
     help_position: Any
     help_width: Any
     indent_increment: int
     level: int
     max_help_position: int
-    option_strings: Dict[Option, _Text]
+    option_strings: Dict[Option, str]
     parser: OptionParser
     short_first: Any
     width: int
     def __init__(self, indent_increment: int, max_help_position: int, width: Optional[int], short_first: int) -> None: ...
     def dedent(self) -> None: ...
-    def expand_default(self, option: Option) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_description(self, description: _Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_epilog(self, epilog: _Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_heading(self, heading: Any) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_option(self, option: Option) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_option_strings(self, option: Option) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_usage(self, usage: Any) -> _Text: ...
+    def expand_default(self, option: Option) -> str: ...
+    def format_description(self, description: str) -> str: ...
+    def format_epilog(self, epilog: str) -> str: ...
+    def format_heading(self, heading: Any) -> str: ...
+    def format_option(self, option: Option) -> str: ...
+    def format_option_strings(self, option: Option) -> str: ...
+    def format_usage(self, usage: Any) -> str: ...
     def indent(self) -> None: ...
-    def set_long_opt_delimiter(self, delim: _Text) -> None: ...
+    def set_long_opt_delimiter(self, delim: str) -> None: ...
     def set_parser(self, parser: OptionParser) -> None: ...
-    def set_short_opt_delimiter(self, delim: _Text) -> None: ...
+    def set_short_opt_delimiter(self, delim: str) -> None: ...
     def store_option_strings(self, parser: OptionParser) -> None: ...
 
 class IndentedHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
     def __init__(
         self, indent_increment: int = ..., max_help_position: int = ..., width: Optional[int] = ..., short_first: int = ...
     ) -> None: ...
-    def format_heading(self, heading: _Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_usage(self, usage: _Text) -> _Text: ...
+    def format_heading(self, heading: str) -> str: ...
+    def format_usage(self, usage: str) -> str: ...
 
 class TitledHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
     def __init__(
         self, indent_increment: int = ..., max_help_position: int = ..., width: Optional[int] = ..., short_first: int = ...
     ) -> None: ...
-    def format_heading(self, heading: _Text) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_usage(self, usage: _Text) -> _Text: ...
+    def format_heading(self, heading: str) -> str: ...
+    def format_usage(self, usage: str) -> str: ...
 
 class Option:
-    ACTIONS: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-    ALWAYS_TYPED_ACTIONS: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-    ATTRS: List[_Text]
+    ACTIONS: Tuple[str, ...]
+    ALWAYS_TYPED_ACTIONS: Tuple[str, ...]
+    ATTRS: List[str]
     CHECK_METHODS: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]]
-    CONST_ACTIONS: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-    STORE_ACTIONS: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-    TYPED_ACTIONS: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-    TYPES: Tuple[_Text, ...]
-    TYPE_CHECKER: Dict[_Text, Callable[..., Any]]
-    _long_opts: List[_Text]
-    _short_opts: List[_Text]
-    action: _Text
-    dest: Optional[_Text]
+    CONST_ACTIONS: Tuple[str, ...]
+    STORE_ACTIONS: Tuple[str, ...]
+    TYPED_ACTIONS: Tuple[str, ...]
+    TYPES: Tuple[str, ...]
+    TYPE_CHECKER: Dict[str, Callable[..., Any]]
+    _long_opts: List[str]
+    _short_opts: List[str]
+    action: str
+    dest: Optional[str]
     default: Any
     nargs: int
     type: Any
     callback: Optional[Callable[..., Any]]
     callback_args: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
-    callback_kwargs: Optional[Dict[_Text, Any]]
-    help: Optional[_Text]
-    metavar: Optional[_Text]
-    def __init__(self, *opts: Optional[_Text], **attrs: Any) -> None: ...
+    callback_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
+    help: Optional[str]
+    metavar: Optional[str]
+    def __init__(self, *opts: Optional[str], **attrs: Any) -> None: ...
     def _check_action(self) -> None: ...
     def _check_callback(self) -> None: ...
     def _check_choice(self) -> None: ...
     def _check_const(self) -> None: ...
     def _check_dest(self) -> None: ...
     def _check_nargs(self) -> None: ...
-    def _check_opt_strings(self, opts: Iterable[Optional[_Text]]) -> List[_Text]: ...
+    def _check_opt_strings(self, opts: Iterable[Optional[str]]) -> List[str]: ...
     def _check_type(self) -> None: ...
-    def _set_attrs(self, attrs: Dict[_Text, Any]) -> None: ...
-    def _set_opt_strings(self, opts: Iterable[_Text]) -> None: ...
-    def check_value(self, opt: _Text, value: Any) -> Any: ...
-    def convert_value(self, opt: _Text, value: Any) -> Any: ...
-    def get_opt_string(self) -> _Text: ...
+    def _set_attrs(self, attrs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None: ...
+    def _set_opt_strings(self, opts: Iterable[str]) -> None: ...
+    def check_value(self, opt: str, value: Any) -> Any: ...
+    def convert_value(self, opt: str, value: Any) -> Any: ...
+    def get_opt_string(self) -> str: ...
     def process(self, opt: Any, value: Any, values: Any, parser: OptionParser) -> int: ...
-    def take_action(self, action: _Text, dest: _Text, opt: Any, value: Any, values: Any, parser: OptionParser) -> int: ...
+    def take_action(self, action: str, dest: str, opt: Any, value: Any, values: Any, parser: OptionParser) -> int: ...
     def takes_value(self) -> bool: ...
 
 make_option = Option
 
 class OptionContainer:
-    _long_opt: Dict[_Text, Option]
-    _short_opt: Dict[_Text, Option]
-    conflict_handler: _Text
-    defaults: Dict[_Text, Any]
+    _long_opt: Dict[str, Option]
+    _short_opt: Dict[str, Option]
+    conflict_handler: str
+    defaults: Dict[str, Any]
     description: Any
     option_class: Type[Option]
     def __init__(self, option_class: Type[Option], conflict_handler: Any, description: Any) -> None: ...
@@ -128,64 +127,64 @@ class OptionContainer:
     @overload
     def add_option(self, opt: Option) -> Option: ...
     @overload
-    def add_option(self, *args: Optional[_Text], **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
+    def add_option(self, *args: Optional[str], **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
     def add_options(self, option_list: Iterable[Option]) -> None: ...
     def destroy(self) -> None: ...
     def format_description(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter]) -> Any: ...
-    def format_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter]) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_option_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter]) -> _Text: ...
+    def format_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter]) -> str: ...
+    def format_option_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter]) -> str: ...
     def get_description(self) -> Any: ...
-    def get_option(self, opt_str: _Text) -> Optional[Option]: ...
-    def has_option(self, opt_str: _Text) -> bool: ...
-    def remove_option(self, opt_str: _Text) -> None: ...
+    def get_option(self, opt_str: str) -> Optional[Option]: ...
+    def has_option(self, opt_str: str) -> bool: ...
+    def remove_option(self, opt_str: str) -> None: ...
     def set_conflict_handler(self, handler: Any) -> None: ...
     def set_description(self, description: Any) -> None: ...
 
 class OptionGroup(OptionContainer):
     option_list: List[Option]
     parser: OptionParser
-    title: _Text
-    def __init__(self, parser: OptionParser, title: _Text, description: Optional[_Text] = ...) -> None: ...
+    title: str
+    def __init__(self, parser: OptionParser, title: str, description: Optional[str] = ...) -> None: ...
     def _create_option_list(self) -> None: ...
-    def set_title(self, title: _Text) -> None: ...
+    def set_title(self, title: str) -> None: ...
 
 class Values:
     def __init__(self, defaults: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = ...) -> None: ...
-    def _update(self, dict: Mapping[_Text, Any], mode: Any) -> None: ...
-    def _update_careful(self, dict: Mapping[_Text, Any]) -> None: ...
-    def _update_loose(self, dict: Mapping[_Text, Any]) -> None: ...
-    def ensure_value(self, attr: _Text, value: Any) -> Any: ...
-    def read_file(self, filename: _Text, mode: _Text = ...) -> None: ...
-    def read_module(self, modname: _Text, mode: _Text = ...) -> None: ...
+    def _update(self, dict: Mapping[str, Any], mode: Any) -> None: ...
+    def _update_careful(self, dict: Mapping[str, Any]) -> None: ...
+    def _update_loose(self, dict: Mapping[str, Any]) -> None: ...
+    def ensure_value(self, attr: str, value: Any) -> Any: ...
+    def read_file(self, filename: str, mode: str = ...) -> None: ...
+    def read_module(self, modname: str, mode: str = ...) -> None: ...
     def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any: ...
     def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
 
 class OptionParser(OptionContainer):
     allow_interspersed_args: bool
-    epilog: Optional[_Text]
+    epilog: Optional[str]
     formatter: HelpFormatter
-    largs: Optional[List[_Text]]
+    largs: Optional[List[str]]
     option_groups: List[OptionGroup]
     option_list: List[Option]
     process_default_values: Any
-    prog: Optional[_Text]
+    prog: Optional[str]
     rargs: Optional[List[Any]]
     standard_option_list: List[Option]
-    usage: Optional[_Text]
+    usage: Optional[str]
     values: Optional[Values]
-    version: _Text
+    version: str
     def __init__(
         self,
-        usage: Optional[_Text] = ...,
+        usage: Optional[str] = ...,
         option_list: Optional[Iterable[Option]] = ...,
         option_class: Type[Option] = ...,
-        version: Optional[_Text] = ...,
-        conflict_handler: _Text = ...,
-        description: Optional[_Text] = ...,
+        version: Optional[str] = ...,
+        conflict_handler: str = ...,
+        description: Optional[str] = ...,
         formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter] = ...,
         add_help_option: bool = ...,
-        prog: Optional[_Text] = ...,
-        epilog: Optional[_Text] = ...,
+        prog: Optional[str] = ...,
+        epilog: Optional[str] = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
     def _add_help_option(self) -> None: ...
     def _add_version_option(self) -> None: ...
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ class OptionParser(OptionContainer):
     def _get_all_options(self) -> List[Option]: ...
     def _get_args(self, args: Iterable[Any]) -> List[Any]: ...
     def _init_parsing_state(self) -> None: ...
-    def _match_long_opt(self, opt: _Text) -> _Text: ...
+    def _match_long_opt(self, opt: str) -> str: ...
     def _populate_option_list(self, option_list: Iterable[Option], add_help: bool = ...) -> None: ...
     def _process_args(self, largs: List[Any], rargs: List[Any], values: Values) -> None: ...
     def _process_long_opt(self, rargs: List[Any], values: Any) -> None: ...
@@ -202,20 +201,20 @@ class OptionParser(OptionContainer):
     def add_option_group(self, __opt_group: OptionGroup) -> OptionGroup: ...
     @overload
     def add_option_group(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> OptionGroup: ...
-    def check_values(self, values: Values, args: List[_Text]) -> Tuple[Values, List[_Text]]: ...
+    def check_values(self, values: Values, args: List[str]) -> Tuple[Values, List[str]]: ...
     def disable_interspersed_args(self) -> None: ...
     def enable_interspersed_args(self) -> None: ...
-    def error(self, msg: _Text) -> None: ...
+    def error(self, msg: str) -> None: ...
     def exit(self, status: int = ..., msg: Optional[str] = ...) -> None: ...
-    def expand_prog_name(self, s: Optional[_Text]) -> Any: ...
+    def expand_prog_name(self, s: Optional[str]) -> Any: ...
     def format_epilog(self, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> Any: ...
-    def format_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter] = ...) -> _Text: ...
-    def format_option_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter] = ...) -> _Text: ...
+    def format_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter] = ...) -> str: ...
+    def format_option_help(self, formatter: Optional[HelpFormatter] = ...) -> str: ...
     def get_default_values(self) -> Values: ...
-    def get_option_group(self, opt_str: _Text) -> Any: ...
-    def get_prog_name(self) -> _Text: ...
-    def get_usage(self) -> _Text: ...
-    def get_version(self) -> _Text: ...
+    def get_option_group(self, opt_str: str) -> Any: ...
+    def get_prog_name(self) -> str: ...
+    def get_usage(self) -> str: ...
+    def get_version(self) -> str: ...
     def parse_args(
         self, args: Optional[Sequence[AnyStr]] = ..., values: Optional[Values] = ...
     ) -> Tuple[Values, List[AnyStr]]: ...
@@ -225,4 +224,4 @@ class OptionParser(OptionContainer):
     def set_default(self, dest: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
     def set_defaults(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
     def set_process_default_values(self, process: Any) -> None: ...
-    def set_usage(self, usage: _Text) -> None: ...
+    def set_usage(self, usage: str) -> None: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/pkgutil.pyi b/stdlib/pkgutil.pyi
index 0ccda44c9..583b262d4 100644
--- a/stdlib/pkgutil.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/pkgutil.pyi
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ class ModuleInfo(NamedTuple):
     name: str
     ispkg: bool
 
-_ModuleInfoLike = ModuleInfo
-
 def extend_path(path: List[str], name: str) -> List[str]: ...
 
 class ImpImporter:
@@ -22,11 +20,11 @@ def find_loader(fullname: str) -> Optional[Loader]: ...
 def get_importer(path_item: str) -> Optional[PathEntryFinder]: ...
 def get_loader(module_or_name: str) -> Loader: ...
 def iter_importers(fullname: str = ...) -> Iterator[Union[MetaPathFinder, PathEntryFinder]]: ...
-def iter_modules(path: Optional[Iterable[str]] = ..., prefix: str = ...) -> Iterator[_ModuleInfoLike]: ...
+def iter_modules(path: Optional[Iterable[str]] = ..., prefix: str = ...) -> Iterator[ModuleInfo]: ...
 def read_code(stream: SupportsRead[bytes]) -> Any: ...  # undocumented
 def walk_packages(
     path: Optional[Iterable[str]] = ..., prefix: str = ..., onerror: Optional[Callable[[str], None]] = ...
-) -> Iterator[_ModuleInfoLike]: ...
+) -> Iterator[ModuleInfo]: ...
 def get_data(package: str, resource: str) -> Optional[bytes]: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
diff --git a/stdlib/plistlib.pyi b/stdlib/plistlib.pyi
index e31078ad5..c74d0d8d5 100644
--- a/stdlib/plistlib.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/plistlib.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import IO, Any, Dict as DictT, Mapping, MutableMapping, Optional, Text, Type, Union
+from typing import IO, Any, Dict as DictT, Mapping, MutableMapping, Optional, Type, Union
 
 class PlistFormat(Enum):
     FMT_XML: int
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ class PlistFormat(Enum):
 FMT_XML = PlistFormat.FMT_XML
 FMT_BINARY = PlistFormat.FMT_BINARY
 
-_Path = Union[str, Text]
-
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     def load(fp: IO[bytes], *, fmt: Optional[PlistFormat] = ..., dict_type: Type[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = ...) -> Any: ...
     def loads(value: bytes, *, fmt: Optional[PlistFormat] = ..., dict_type: Type[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = ...) -> Any: ...
@@ -37,8 +35,8 @@ def dump(
 def dumps(value: Mapping[str, Any], *, fmt: PlistFormat = ..., skipkeys: bool = ..., sort_keys: bool = ...) -> bytes: ...
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
-    def readPlist(pathOrFile: Union[_Path, IO[bytes]]) -> Any: ...
-    def writePlist(value: Mapping[str, Any], pathOrFile: Union[_Path, IO[bytes]]) -> None: ...
+    def readPlist(pathOrFile: Union[str, IO[bytes]]) -> Any: ...
+    def writePlist(value: Mapping[str, Any], pathOrFile: Union[str, IO[bytes]]) -> None: ...
     def readPlistFromBytes(data: bytes) -> Any: ...
     def writePlistToBytes(value: Mapping[str, Any]) -> bytes: ...
 
diff --git a/stdlib/poplib.pyi b/stdlib/poplib.pyi
index e08000927..8f09c59f9 100644
--- a/stdlib/poplib.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/poplib.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import socket
 import ssl
-from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Dict, List, Optional, Pattern, Text, Tuple, overload
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Dict, List, Optional, Pattern, Tuple, overload
 
 _LongResp = Tuple[bytes, List[bytes], int]
 
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ LF: bytes
 CRLF: bytes
 
 class POP3:
-    encoding: Text
-    host: Text
+    encoding: str
+    host: str
     port: int
     sock: socket.socket
     file: BinaryIO
     welcome: bytes
-    def __init__(self, host: Text, port: int = ..., timeout: float = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, host: str, port: int = ..., timeout: float = ...) -> None: ...
     def getwelcome(self) -> bytes: ...
     def set_debuglevel(self, level: int) -> None: ...
-    def user(self, user: Text) -> bytes: ...
-    def pass_(self, pswd: Text) -> bytes: ...
+    def user(self, user: str) -> bytes: ...
+    def pass_(self, pswd: str) -> bytes: ...
     def stat(self) -> Tuple[int, int]: ...
     def list(self, which: Optional[Any] = ...) -> _LongResp: ...
     def retr(self, which: Any) -> _LongResp: ...
@@ -32,25 +32,25 @@ class POP3:
     def rset(self) -> bytes: ...
     def quit(self) -> bytes: ...
     def close(self) -> None: ...
-    def rpop(self, user: Text) -> bytes: ...
-    timestamp: Pattern[Text]
-    def apop(self, user: Text, password: Text) -> bytes: ...
+    def rpop(self, user: str) -> bytes: ...
+    timestamp: Pattern[str]
+    def apop(self, user: str, password: str) -> bytes: ...
     def top(self, which: Any, howmuch: int) -> _LongResp: ...
     @overload
     def uidl(self) -> _LongResp: ...
     @overload
     def uidl(self, which: Any) -> bytes: ...
     def utf8(self) -> bytes: ...
-    def capa(self) -> Dict[Text, List[Text]]: ...
+    def capa(self) -> Dict[str, List[str]]: ...
     def stls(self, context: Optional[ssl.SSLContext] = ...) -> bytes: ...
 
 class POP3_SSL(POP3):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        host: Text,
+        host: str,
         port: int = ...,
-        keyfile: Optional[Text] = ...,
-        certfile: Optional[Text] = ...,
+        keyfile: Optional[str] = ...,
+        certfile: Optional[str] = ...,
         timeout: float = ...,
         context: Optional[ssl.SSLContext] = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/rlcompleter.pyi b/stdlib/rlcompleter.pyi
index 84e76c771..8afb5b1ef 100644
--- a/stdlib/rlcompleter.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/rlcompleter.pyi
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
 
-_Text = str
-
 class Completer:
     def __init__(self, namespace: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = ...) -> None: ...
-    def complete(self, text: _Text, state: int) -> Optional[str]: ...
+    def complete(self, text: str, state: int) -> Optional[str]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/shutil.pyi b/stdlib/shutil.pyi
index c972a62a6..ad077df80 100644
--- a/stdlib/shutil.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/shutil.pyi
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ import sys
 from _typeshed import StrPath, SupportsRead, SupportsWrite
 from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload
 
-_AnyStr = str
-_AnyPath = TypeVar("_AnyPath", str, os.PathLike[str])
+_PathT = TypeVar("_PathT", str, os.PathLike[str])
 # Return value of some functions that may either return a path-like object that was passed in or
 # a string
 _PathReturn = Any
@@ -17,12 +16,12 @@ class ReadError(OSError): ...
 class RegistryError(Exception): ...
 
 def copyfileobj(fsrc: SupportsRead[AnyStr], fdst: SupportsWrite[AnyStr], length: int = ...) -> None: ...
-def copyfile(src: StrPath, dst: _AnyPath, *, follow_symlinks: bool = ...) -> _AnyPath: ...
+def copyfile(src: StrPath, dst: _PathT, *, follow_symlinks: bool = ...) -> _PathT: ...
 def copymode(src: StrPath, dst: StrPath, *, follow_symlinks: bool = ...) -> None: ...
 def copystat(src: StrPath, dst: StrPath, *, follow_symlinks: bool = ...) -> None: ...
 def copy(src: StrPath, dst: StrPath, *, follow_symlinks: bool = ...) -> _PathReturn: ...
 def copy2(src: StrPath, dst: StrPath, *, follow_symlinks: bool = ...) -> _PathReturn: ...
-def ignore_patterns(*patterns: StrPath) -> Callable[[Any, List[_AnyStr]], Set[_AnyStr]]: ...
+def ignore_patterns(*patterns: StrPath) -> Callable[[Any, List[str]], Set[str]]: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     def copytree(
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ else:
     def which(cmd: StrPath, mode: int = ..., path: Optional[StrPath] = ...) -> Optional[str]: ...
 
 def make_archive(
-    base_name: _AnyStr,
+    base_name: str,
     format: str,
     root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = ...,
     base_dir: Optional[StrPath] = ...,
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ def make_archive(
     owner: Optional[str] = ...,
     group: Optional[str] = ...,
     logger: Optional[Any] = ...,
-) -> _AnyStr: ...
+) -> str: ...
 def get_archive_formats() -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: ...
 def register_archive_format(
     name: str,
diff --git a/stdlib/sndhdr.pyi b/stdlib/sndhdr.pyi
index f3b3b43b7..b86b3b16e 100644
--- a/stdlib/sndhdr.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/sndhdr.pyi
@@ -8,7 +8,5 @@ class SndHeaders(NamedTuple):
     nframes: int
     sampwidth: Union[int, str]
 
-_SndHeaders = SndHeaders
-
-def what(filename: AnyPath) -> Optional[_SndHeaders]: ...
-def whathdr(filename: AnyPath) -> Optional[_SndHeaders]: ...
+def what(filename: AnyPath) -> Optional[SndHeaders]: ...
+def whathdr(filename: AnyPath) -> Optional[SndHeaders]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/sre_compile.pyi b/stdlib/sre_compile.pyi
index 86b636679..492a194f1 100644
--- a/stdlib/sre_compile.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/sre_compile.pyi
@@ -19,8 +19,5 @@ from typing import Any, List, Pattern, Union
 MAXCODE: int
 
 def dis(code: List[_NamedIntConstant]) -> None: ...
-
-_IsStringType = bool
-
-def isstring(obj: Any) -> _IsStringType: ...
+def isstring(obj: Any) -> bool: ...
 def compile(p: Union[str, bytes, SubPattern], flags: int = ...) -> Pattern[Any]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/ssl.pyi b/stdlib/ssl.pyi
index 503cadfeb..4164903e2 100644
--- a/stdlib/ssl.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/ssl.pyi
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ _PeerCertRetType = Union[_PeerCertRetDictType, bytes, None]
 _EnumRetType = List[Tuple[bytes, str, Union[Set[str], bool]]]
 _PasswordType = Union[Callable[[], Union[str, bytes]], str, bytes]
 
-_SC1ArgT = Union[SSLSocket, SSLObject]
-_SrvnmeCbType = Callable[[_SC1ArgT, Optional[str], SSLSocket], Optional[int]]
+_SrvnmeCbType = Callable[[Union[SSLSocket, SSLObject], Optional[str], SSLSocket], Optional[int]]
 
 class SSLError(OSError):
     library: str
diff --git a/stdlib/struct.pyi b/stdlib/struct.pyi
index 940924bcc..ddda12025 100644
--- a/stdlib/struct.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/struct.pyi
@@ -1,20 +1,15 @@
 import sys
-from array import array
-from mmap import mmap
-from typing import Any, Iterator, Text, Tuple, Union
+from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer, WriteableBuffer
+from typing import Any, Iterator, Tuple, Union
 
 class error(Exception): ...
 
-_FmtType = Union[bytes, Text]
-_BufferType = Union[array[int], bytes, bytearray, memoryview, mmap]
-_WriteBufferType = Union[array[Any], bytearray, memoryview, mmap]
-
-def pack(fmt: _FmtType, *v: Any) -> bytes: ...
-def pack_into(fmt: _FmtType, buffer: _WriteBufferType, offset: int, *v: Any) -> None: ...
-def unpack(__format: _FmtType, __buffer: _BufferType) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
-def unpack_from(__format: _FmtType, buffer: _BufferType, offset: int = ...) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
-def iter_unpack(__format: _FmtType, __buffer: _BufferType) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
-def calcsize(__format: _FmtType) -> int: ...
+def pack(fmt: Union[str, bytes], *v: Any) -> bytes: ...
+def pack_into(fmt: Union[str, bytes], buffer: WriteableBuffer, offset: int, *v: Any) -> None: ...
+def unpack(__format: Union[str, bytes], __buffer: ReadableBuffer) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+def unpack_from(__format: Union[str, bytes], buffer: ReadableBuffer, offset: int = ...) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+def iter_unpack(__format: Union[str, bytes], __buffer: ReadableBuffer) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+def calcsize(__format: Union[str, bytes]) -> int: ...
 
 class Struct:
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
@@ -22,9 +17,9 @@ class Struct:
     else:
         format: bytes
     size: int
-    def __init__(self, format: _FmtType) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, format: Union[str, bytes]) -> None: ...
     def pack(self, *v: Any) -> bytes: ...
-    def pack_into(self, buffer: _WriteBufferType, offset: int, *v: Any) -> None: ...
-    def unpack(self, __buffer: _BufferType) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
-    def unpack_from(self, buffer: _BufferType, offset: int = ...) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
-    def iter_unpack(self, __buffer: _BufferType) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+    def pack_into(self, buffer: WriteableBuffer, offset: int, *v: Any) -> None: ...
+    def unpack(self, __buffer: ReadableBuffer) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+    def unpack_from(self, buffer: ReadableBuffer, offset: int = ...) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+    def iter_unpack(self, __buffer: ReadableBuffer) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/timeit.pyi b/stdlib/timeit.pyi
index 0d185e966..18ab9bd93 100644
--- a/stdlib/timeit.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/timeit.pyi
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Text, Tuple, Union
+from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
-_str = Union[str, Text]
 _Timer = Callable[[], float]
-_stmt = Union[_str, Callable[[], Any]]
+_Stmt = Union[str, Callable[[], Any]]
 
 default_timer: _Timer
 
 class Timer:
     def __init__(
-        self, stmt: _stmt = ..., setup: _stmt = ..., timer: _Timer = ..., globals: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = ...
+        self, stmt: _Stmt = ..., setup: _Stmt = ..., timer: _Timer = ..., globals: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
     def print_exc(self, file: Optional[IO[str]] = ...) -> None: ...
     def timeit(self, number: int = ...) -> float: ...
@@ -16,11 +15,11 @@ class Timer:
     def autorange(self, callback: Optional[Callable[[int, float], Any]] = ...) -> Tuple[int, float]: ...
 
 def timeit(
-    stmt: _stmt = ..., setup: _stmt = ..., timer: _Timer = ..., number: int = ..., globals: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = ...
+    stmt: _Stmt = ..., setup: _Stmt = ..., timer: _Timer = ..., number: int = ..., globals: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = ...
 ) -> float: ...
 def repeat(
-    stmt: _stmt = ...,
-    setup: _stmt = ...,
+    stmt: _Stmt = ...,
+    setup: _Stmt = ...,
     timer: _Timer = ...,
     repeat: int = ...,
     number: int = ...,
diff --git a/stdlib/xml/dom/minidom.pyi b/stdlib/xml/dom/minidom.pyi
index 67e9b1189..90396299e 100644
--- a/stdlib/xml/dom/minidom.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/xml/dom/minidom.pyi
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import sys
 import xml.dom
-from typing import IO, Any, Optional, Text as _Text, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import IO, Any, Optional, TypeVar, Union
 from xml.dom.xmlbuilder import DocumentLS, DOMImplementationLS
 from xml.sax.xmlreader import XMLReader
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
 
 def parse(file: Union[str, IO[Any]], parser: Optional[XMLReader] = ..., bufsize: Optional[int] = ...): ...
-def parseString(string: Union[bytes, _Text], parser: Optional[XMLReader] = ...): ...
+def parseString(string: Union[str, bytes], parser: Optional[XMLReader] = ...): ...
 def getDOMImplementation(features=...): ...
 
 class Node(xml.dom.Node):
diff --git a/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi b/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi
index 0ac37e00c..09bd32f01 100644
--- a/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from typing import (
     MutableSequence,
     Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Text,
     Tuple,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
@@ -22,6 +21,9 @@ from typing import (
 )
 from typing_extensions import Literal
 
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_File = Union[AnyPath, FileDescriptor, IO[Any]]
+
 VERSION: str
 
 class ParseError(SyntaxError):
@@ -30,34 +32,13 @@ class ParseError(SyntaxError):
 
 def iselement(element: object) -> bool: ...
 
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
-
-# Type for parser inputs. Parser will accept any unicode/str/bytes and coerce,
-# and this is true in py2 and py3 (even fromstringlist() in python3 can be
-# called with a heterogeneous list)
-_parser_input_type = Union[bytes, Text]
-
-# Type for individual tag/attr/ns/text values in args to most functions.
-# In py2, the library accepts str or unicode everywhere and coerces
-# aggressively.
-# In py3, bytes is not coerced to str and so use of bytes is probably an error,
-# so we exclude it. (why? the parser never produces bytes when it parses XML,
-# so e.g., element.get(b'name') will always return None for parsed XML, even if
-# there is a 'name' attribute.)
-_str_argument_type = Union[str, Text]
-
-# Type for return values from individual tag/attr/text values
-_str_result_type = str
-
-_file_or_filename = Union[AnyPath, FileDescriptor, IO[Any]]
-
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     @overload
     def canonicalize(
-        xml_data: Optional[_parser_input_type] = ...,
+        xml_data: Optional[Union[str, bytes]] = ...,
         *,
         out: None = ...,
-        from_file: Optional[_file_or_filename] = ...,
+        from_file: Optional[_File] = ...,
         with_comments: bool = ...,
         strip_text: bool = ...,
         rewrite_prefixes: bool = ...,
@@ -68,10 +49,10 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     ) -> str: ...
     @overload
     def canonicalize(
-        xml_data: Optional[_parser_input_type] = ...,
+        xml_data: Optional[Union[str, bytes]] = ...,
         *,
         out: SupportsWrite[str],
-        from_file: Optional[_file_or_filename] = ...,
+        from_file: Optional[_File] = ...,
         with_comments: bool = ...,
         strip_text: bool = ...,
         rewrite_prefixes: bool = ...,
@@ -82,51 +63,33 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     ) -> None: ...
 
 class Element(MutableSequence[Element]):
-    tag: _str_result_type
-    attrib: Dict[_str_result_type, _str_result_type]
-    text: Optional[_str_result_type]
-    tail: Optional[_str_result_type]
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        tag: Union[_str_argument_type, Callable[..., Element]],
-        attrib: Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type] = ...,
-        **extra: _str_argument_type,
-    ) -> None: ...
+    tag: str
+    attrib: Dict[str, str]
+    text: Optional[str]
+    tail: Optional[str]
+    def __init__(self, tag: Union[str, Callable[..., Element]], attrib: Dict[str, str] = ..., **extra: str) -> None: ...
     def append(self, __subelement: Element) -> None: ...
     def clear(self) -> None: ...
     def extend(self, __elements: Iterable[Element]) -> None: ...
-    def find(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> Optional[Element]: ...
-    def findall(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> List[Element]: ...
+    def find(self, path: str, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Optional[Element]: ...
+    def findall(self, path: str, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> List[Element]: ...
     @overload
-    def findtext(
-        self,
-        path: _str_argument_type,
-        default: None = ...,
-        namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...,
-    ) -> Optional[_str_result_type]: ...
+    def findtext(self, path: str, default: None = ..., namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Optional[str]: ...
     @overload
-    def findtext(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, default: _T, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> Union[_T, _str_result_type]: ...
+    def findtext(self, path: str, default: _T, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Union[_T, str]: ...
     @overload
-    def get(self, key: _str_argument_type, default: None = ...) -> Optional[_str_result_type]: ...
+    def get(self, key: str, default: None = ...) -> Optional[str]: ...
     @overload
-    def get(self, key: _str_argument_type, default: _T) -> Union[_str_result_type, _T]: ...
+    def get(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[str, _T]: ...
     def insert(self, __index: int, __subelement: Element) -> None: ...
-    def items(self) -> ItemsView[_str_result_type, _str_result_type]: ...
-    def iter(self, tag: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
-    def iterfind(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
-    def itertext(self) -> Generator[_str_result_type, None, None]: ...
-    def keys(self) -> KeysView[_str_result_type]: ...
-    def makeelement(self, __tag: _str_argument_type, __attrib: Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]) -> Element: ...
+    def items(self) -> ItemsView[str, str]: ...
+    def iter(self, tag: Optional[str] = ...) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
+    def iterfind(self, path: str, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
+    def itertext(self) -> Generator[str, None, None]: ...
+    def keys(self) -> KeysView[str]: ...
+    def makeelement(self, __tag: str, __attrib: Dict[str, str]) -> Element: ...
     def remove(self, __subelement: Element) -> None: ...
-    def set(self, __key: _str_argument_type, __value: _str_argument_type) -> None: ...
+    def set(self, __key: str, __value: str) -> None: ...
     def __delitem__(self, i: Union[int, slice]) -> None: ...
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> Element: ...
@@ -139,63 +102,45 @@ class Element(MutableSequence[Element]):
     def __setitem__(self, s: slice, o: Iterable[Element]) -> None: ...
     if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
         def getchildren(self) -> List[Element]: ...
-        def getiterator(self, tag: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> List[Element]: ...
+        def getiterator(self, tag: Optional[str] = ...) -> List[Element]: ...
 
-def SubElement(
-    parent: Element,
-    tag: _str_argument_type,
-    attrib: Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type] = ...,
-    **extra: _str_argument_type,
-) -> Element: ...
-def Comment(text: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> Element: ...
-def ProcessingInstruction(target: _str_argument_type, text: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> Element: ...
+def SubElement(parent: Element, tag: str, attrib: Dict[str, str] = ..., **extra: str) -> Element: ...
+def Comment(text: Optional[str] = ...) -> Element: ...
+def ProcessingInstruction(target: str, text: Optional[str] = ...) -> Element: ...
 
 PI: Callable[..., Element]
 
 class QName:
     text: str
-    def __init__(self, text_or_uri: _str_argument_type, tag: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, text_or_uri: str, tag: Optional[str] = ...) -> None: ...
 
 class ElementTree:
-    def __init__(self, element: Optional[Element] = ..., file: Optional[_file_or_filename] = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, element: Optional[Element] = ..., file: Optional[_File] = ...) -> None: ...
     def getroot(self) -> Element: ...
-    def parse(self, source: _file_or_filename, parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Element: ...
-    def iter(self, tag: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
+    def parse(self, source: _File, parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Element: ...
+    def iter(self, tag: Optional[str] = ...) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
     if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
-        def getiterator(self, tag: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...) -> List[Element]: ...
-    def find(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> Optional[Element]: ...
+        def getiterator(self, tag: Optional[str] = ...) -> List[Element]: ...
+    def find(self, path: str, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Optional[Element]: ...
     @overload
-    def findtext(
-        self,
-        path: _str_argument_type,
-        default: None = ...,
-        namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...,
-    ) -> Optional[_str_result_type]: ...
+    def findtext(self, path: str, default: None = ..., namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Optional[str]: ...
     @overload
-    def findtext(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, default: _T, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> Union[_T, _str_result_type]: ...
-    def findall(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> List[Element]: ...
-    def iterfind(
-        self, path: _str_argument_type, namespaces: Optional[Dict[_str_argument_type, _str_argument_type]] = ...
-    ) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
+    def findtext(self, path: str, default: _T, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Union[_T, str]: ...
+    def findall(self, path: str, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> List[Element]: ...
+    def iterfind(self, path: str, namespaces: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = ...) -> Generator[Element, None, None]: ...
     def write(
         self,
-        file_or_filename: _file_or_filename,
+        file_or_filename: _File,
         encoding: Optional[str] = ...,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
-    def write_c14n(self, file: _file_or_filename) -> None: ...
+    def write_c14n(self, file: _File) -> None: ...
 
-def register_namespace(prefix: _str_argument_type, uri: _str_argument_type) -> None: ...
+def register_namespace(prefix: str, uri: str) -> None: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     @overload
@@ -205,7 +150,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> bytes: ...
     @overload
@@ -215,7 +160,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> str: ...
     @overload
@@ -225,7 +170,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> Any: ...
     @overload
@@ -235,7 +180,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> List[bytes]: ...
     @overload
@@ -245,7 +190,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> List[str]: ...
     @overload
@@ -255,7 +200,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         method: Optional[str] = ...,
         *,
         xml_declaration: Optional[bool] = ...,
-        default_namespace: Optional[_str_argument_type] = ...,
+        default_namespace: Optional[str] = ...,
         short_empty_elements: bool = ...,
     ) -> List[Any]: ...
 
@@ -288,9 +233,9 @@ def dump(elem: Element) -> None: ...
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     def indent(tree: Union[Element, ElementTree], space: str = ..., level: int = ...) -> None: ...
 
-def parse(source: _file_or_filename, parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> ElementTree: ...
+def parse(source: _File, parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> ElementTree: ...
 def iterparse(
-    source: _file_or_filename, events: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ..., parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...
+    source: _File, events: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ..., parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...
 ) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, Any]]: ...
 
 class XMLPullParser:
@@ -299,13 +244,13 @@ class XMLPullParser:
     def close(self) -> None: ...
     def read_events(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, Element]]: ...
 
-def XML(text: _parser_input_type, parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Element: ...
-def XMLID(text: _parser_input_type, parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Tuple[Element, Dict[_str_result_type, Element]]: ...
+def XML(text: Union[str, bytes], parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Element: ...
+def XMLID(text: Union[str, bytes], parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Tuple[Element, Dict[str, Element]]: ...
 
 # This is aliased to XML in the source.
 fromstring = XML
 
-def fromstringlist(sequence: Sequence[_parser_input_type], parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Element: ...
+def fromstringlist(sequence: Sequence[Union[str, bytes]], parser: Optional[XMLParser] = ...) -> Element: ...
 
 # This type is both not precise enough and too precise. The TreeBuilder
 # requires the elementfactory to accept tag and attrs in its args and produce
@@ -321,9 +266,9 @@ _ElementFactory = Callable[[Any, Dict[Any, Any]], Element]
 class TreeBuilder:
     def __init__(self, element_factory: Optional[_ElementFactory] = ...) -> None: ...
     def close(self) -> Element: ...
-    def data(self, __data: _parser_input_type) -> None: ...
-    def start(self, __tag: _parser_input_type, __attrs: Dict[_parser_input_type, _parser_input_type]) -> Element: ...
-    def end(self, __tag: _parser_input_type) -> Element: ...
+    def data(self, __data: Union[str, bytes]) -> None: ...
+    def start(self, __tag: Union[str, bytes], __attrs: Dict[Union[str, bytes], Union[str, bytes]]) -> Element: ...
+    def end(self, __tag: Union[str, bytes]) -> Element: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
     class C14NWriterTarget:
@@ -352,4 +297,4 @@ class XMLParser:
         def __init__(self, html: int = ..., target: Any = ..., encoding: Optional[str] = ...) -> None: ...
         def doctype(self, __name: str, __pubid: str, __system: str) -> None: ...
     def close(self) -> Any: ...
-    def feed(self, __data: _parser_input_type) -> None: ...
+    def feed(self, __data: Union[str, bytes]) -> None: ...
diff --git a/stdlib/zipfile.pyi b/stdlib/zipfile.pyi
index 8653eebe0..23d5e3b45 100644
--- a/stdlib/zipfile.pyi
+++ b/stdlib/zipfile.pyi
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ import io
 import sys
 from _typeshed import StrPath
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Protocol, Sequence, Text, Tuple, Type, Union
+from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Protocol, Sequence, Tuple, Type, Union
 
-_SZI = Union[Text, ZipInfo]
-_DT = Tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int]
+_DateTuple = Tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int]
 
 class BadZipFile(Exception): ...
 
@@ -47,12 +46,12 @@ class _Writer(Protocol):
     def write(self, __s: str) -> Any: ...
 
 class ZipFile:
-    filename: Optional[Text]
+    filename: Optional[str]
     debug: int
     comment: bytes
     filelist: List[ZipInfo]
     fp: Optional[IO[bytes]]
-    NameToInfo: Dict[Text, ZipInfo]
+    NameToInfo: Dict[str, ZipInfo]
     start_dir: int  # undocumented
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         def __init__(
@@ -76,24 +75,26 @@ class ZipFile:
         ) -> None: ...
     else:
         def __init__(
-            self, file: Union[StrPath, IO[bytes]], mode: Text = ..., compression: int = ..., allowZip64: bool = ...
+            self, file: Union[StrPath, IO[bytes]], mode: str = ..., compression: int = ..., allowZip64: bool = ...
         ) -> None: ...
     def __enter__(self) -> ZipFile: ...
     def __exit__(
         self, exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]], exc_val: Optional[BaseException], exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType]
     ) -> None: ...
     def close(self) -> None: ...
-    def getinfo(self, name: Text) -> ZipInfo: ...
+    def getinfo(self, name: str) -> ZipInfo: ...
     def infolist(self) -> List[ZipInfo]: ...
-    def namelist(self) -> List[Text]: ...
-    def open(self, name: _SZI, mode: Text = ..., pwd: Optional[bytes] = ..., *, force_zip64: bool = ...) -> IO[bytes]: ...
-    def extract(self, member: _SZI, path: Optional[StrPath] = ..., pwd: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> str: ...
+    def namelist(self) -> List[str]: ...
+    def open(
+        self, name: Union[str, ZipInfo], mode: str = ..., pwd: Optional[bytes] = ..., *, force_zip64: bool = ...
+    ) -> IO[bytes]: ...
+    def extract(self, member: Union[str, ZipInfo], path: Optional[StrPath] = ..., pwd: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> str: ...
     def extractall(
-        self, path: Optional[StrPath] = ..., members: Optional[Iterable[Text]] = ..., pwd: Optional[bytes] = ...
+        self, path: Optional[StrPath] = ..., members: Optional[Iterable[str]] = ..., pwd: Optional[bytes] = ...
     ) -> None: ...
     def printdir(self, file: Optional[_Writer] = ...) -> None: ...
     def setpassword(self, pwd: bytes) -> None: ...
-    def read(self, name: _SZI, pwd: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def read(self, name: Union[str, ZipInfo], pwd: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> bytes: ...
     def testzip(self) -> Optional[str]: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
         def write(
@@ -108,13 +109,15 @@ class ZipFile:
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
         def writestr(
             self,
-            zinfo_or_arcname: _SZI,
+            zinfo_or_arcname: Union[str, ZipInfo],
             data: Union[bytes, str],
             compress_type: Optional[int] = ...,
             compresslevel: Optional[int] = ...,
         ) -> None: ...
     else:
-        def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname: _SZI, data: Union[bytes, str], compress_type: Optional[int] = ...) -> None: ...
+        def writestr(
+            self, zinfo_or_arcname: Union[str, ZipInfo], data: Union[bytes, str], compress_type: Optional[int] = ...
+        ) -> None: ...
 
 class PyZipFile(ZipFile):
     def __init__(
@@ -123,8 +126,8 @@ class PyZipFile(ZipFile):
     def writepy(self, pathname: str, basename: str = ..., filterfunc: Optional[Callable[[str], bool]] = ...) -> None: ...
 
 class ZipInfo:
-    filename: Text
-    date_time: _DT
+    filename: str
+    date_time: _DateTuple
     compress_type: int
     comment: bytes
     extra: bytes
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ class ZipInfo:
     CRC: int
     compress_size: int
     file_size: int
-    def __init__(self, filename: Optional[Text] = ..., date_time: Optional[_DT] = ...) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, filename: Optional[str] = ..., date_time: Optional[_DateTuple] = ...) -> None: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
         @classmethod
         def from_file(cls, filename: StrPath, arcname: Optional[StrPath] = ..., *, strict_timestamps: bool = ...) -> ZipInfo: ...