The `chr` function does accept objects that implement the
`SupportsIndex` protocol. The [implementation] of the builtin method
calls `PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow` on the argument, which in turn calls
`__index__()`, if present. The parameter of the `chr` function can
therefore be annotated with `int | SupportsIndex`.
It seems to me like `SupportsIndex` alone would be enough, since `int`
implements `SupportIndex`, but I chose `int | SupportIndex` to make it
consistent with the annotations on `hex`, `oct` and `bin`.
[implementation]: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/b05fa90b21dd01bb836285cdd41920320b09e681/Python/bltinmodule.c#L725
[PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow]: https://docs.python.org/3.13/c-api/long.html#c.PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow
Currently, this is intentionally incorrectly typed in order to produce a
better mypy error message. But pyright (and presumably other type checkers)
end up just treating instances of _NotImplementedType as callable.
With this change, the mypy error message gets a little worse, but other type
checkers can understand that instances of _NotImplementedType aren't
callable, which I think is an improvement.
In PEP 675, Graham Bleaney and I had specified a list of `LiteralString`-preserving [overloads](https://peps.python.org/pep-0675/#appendix-c-str-methods-that-preserve-literalstring) for `str`. However, we didn't specify an overload for `__getitem__` and didn't give any rationale either. IIRC this was an edge case we didn't want to take a strong decision on unless users wanted it.
Carl Meyer brought this up yesterday, so I think it's worth discussing.
Pro: `my_literal_string[i]` or `my_literal_string[i:j]` should technically be compatible with `LiteralString`, since it is a substring of a literal-derived string.
Con: The main downside is that an attacker might control the indexes and try to access a specific substring from a literal string in the code. For example, they might narrow down the string to `rm foo` or `SELECT *`.
It's true that `join` and other methods could also construct dangerous strings from `LiteralString`s, and we even call that out as an accepted tradeoff in the PEP:
> 4. Trivial functions could be constructed to convert a str to a LiteralString:
>
> def make_literal(s: str) -> LiteralString:
> letters: Dict[str, LiteralString] = {
> "A": "A",
> "B": "B",
> ...
> }
> output: List[LiteralString] = [letters[c] for c in s]
> return "".join(output)
>
> We could mitigate the above using linting, code review, etc., but ultimately a clever, malicious developer attempting to circumvent the protections offered by LiteralString will always succeed. The important thing to remember is that LiteralString is not intended to protect against malicious developers; it is meant to protect against benign developers accidentally using sensitive APIs in a dangerous way (without getting in their way otherwise).
>
> Without LiteralString, the best enforcement tool API authors have is documentation, which is easily ignored and often not seen. With LiteralString, API misuse requires conscious thought and artifacts in the code that reviewers and future developers can notice.
>
> -- [PEP 675 - Appendix B: Limitations](https://peps.python.org/pep-0675/#appendix-b-limitations)
`__getitem__`, however, seems a bit different, because it (and `split`, `zfill`, etc.) accept an index or width that could be used to construct a dangerous query or a humongous string. So, we need to clarify the intent a little.
What was the intent of these overloads? We wanted to forbid "arbitrary user-supplied strings" while allowing methods that preserved literal strings. We were not trying to prevent every possible exploit on the string. Since `__getitem__` forbids arbitrary user-supplied strings and preserves literal strings, I think we should add an overload for it.
If you're reading about this commit in an auto-generated changelog: this is an internal change that should have no impact on how these stubs are understood by static-analysis tools such as type checkers or IDEs
